Ke hoʻomaopopo nei i ke koʻikoʻi o nā kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe paipu kūpono no ka paipu kila wili i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā laina wai lepo

Wehewehe Pōkole:

I ke kau ʻana i nā paipu wai ma lalo o ka honua, he mea nui ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka paipu kiʻekiʻe no ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ka manawa a me ke kūʻē ʻana i nā kumu o ke kaiapuni. ʻO kekahi ʻano paipu i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no nā paipu wai ma lalo o ka honua, ʻo ia ka paipu kila wili. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole lawa ka hoʻohana wale ʻana i nā paipu kiʻekiʻe e hōʻoia i ka lōʻihi o ke ola o kāu mau paipu wai. He mea nui nā kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe paipu kūpono no ka hōʻoia ʻana e hiki i nā paipu kila wili ke kū i nā kūlana ʻino o ka honua a hāʻawi i ka lawe wai hilinaʻi.


Nā kikoʻī huahana

Nā Lepili Huahana

 Nā paipu kila wilihoʻohana nui ʻia i nā paipu wai honua ma muli o ko lākou ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka hiki ke kū i ke kaomi o waho. Hana ʻia nā paipu mai nā ʻāpana wili kila i ʻōwili wela ʻia e hana ana i kahi ʻano wili. ʻO ke kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe wili i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i kēia mau paipu e hāʻawi i ka pono kūkulu maikaʻi loa, e kūpono ai lākou no nā noi ma lalo o ka honua.

Anawaena Waho Inoa Mānoanoa o ka paia inoa (mm)
mm i loko 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0
Kaumaha no kēlā me kēia anakahi lōʻihi (kg/m)
219.1 8-5/8 31.53 36.61 41.65                      
273.1 10-3/4 39.52 45.94 52.30                      
323.9 12-3/4 47.04 54.71 62.32 69.89 77.41                  
(325)   47.20 54.90 62.54 70.14 77.68                  
355.6 14 51.73 60.18 68.58 76.93 85.23                  
(377.0)   54.89 63.87 72.80 81.67 90.50                  
406.4 16 59.25 68.95 78.60 88.20 97.76 107.26 116.72              
(426.0)   62.14 72.33 82.46 92.55 102.59 112.58 122.51              
457 18 66.73 77.68 88.58 99.44 110.24 120.99 131.69              
(478.0)   69.84 81.30 92.72 104.09 115.41 126.69 137.90              
508.0 20 74.28 86.49 98.65 110.75 122.81 134.82 146.79 158.69 170.56          
(529.0)   77.38 90.11 102.78 115.40 127.99 140.52 152.99 165.43 177.80          
559.0 22 81.82 95.29 108.70 122.07 135.38 148.65 161.88 175.04 188.17          
610.0 24 89.37 104.10 118.77 133.39 147.97 162.48 176.97 191.40 205.78          
(630.0)   92.33 107.54 122.71 137.83 152.90 167.92 182.89 197.81 212.68          
660.0 26 96.77 112.73 128.63 144.48 160.30 176.05 191.77 207.43 223.04          
711.0 28 104.32 121.53 138.70 155.81 172.88 189.89 206.86 223.78 240.65 257.47 274.24      
(720.0)   105.65 123.09 140.47 157.81 175.10 192.34 209.52 226.66 243.75 260.80 277.79      
762.0 30 111.86 130.34 148.76 167.13 185.45 203.73 211.95 240.13 258.26 276.33 294.36      
813.0 32 119.41 139.14 158.82 178.45 198.03 217.56 237.05 256.48 275.86 295.20 314.48      
(820.0)   120.45 140.35 160.20 180.00 199.76 219.46 239.12 258.72 278.28 297.79 317.25      
864.0 34   147.94 168.88 189.77 210.61 231.40 252.14 272.83 293.47 314.06 334.61      
914.0 36     178.75 200.87 222.94 244.96 266.94 288.86 310.73 332.56 354.34      
(920.0)       179.93 202.20 224.42 246.59 286.70 290.78 312.79 334.78 356.68      
965.0 38     188.81 212.19 235.52 258.80 282.03 305.21 328.34 351.43 374.46      
1016.0 40     198.87 223.51 248.09 272.63 297.12 321.56 345.95 370.29 394.58 443.02    
(1020.0)       199.66 224.39 249.08 273.72 298.31 322.84 347.33 371.77 396.16 444.77    
1067.0 42     208.93 234.83 260.67 286.47 312.21 337.91 363.56 389.16 414.71 465.66    
118.0 44     218.99 246.15 273.25 300.30 327.31 354.26 381.17 408.02 343.83 488.30    
1168.0 46     228.86 257.24 285.58 313.87 342.10 370.29 398.43 426.52 454.56 510.49    
1219.0 48     238.92 268.56 298.16 327.70 357.20 386.64 416.04 445.39 474.68 553.13    
(1220.0)       239.12 268.78 198.40 327.97 357.49 386.96 146.38 445.76 475.08 533.58    
1321.0 52       291.20 323.31 327.97 387.38 449.34 451.26 483.12 514.93 578.41    
(1420.0)           347.72 355.37 416.66 451.08 485.41 519.74 553.96 622.32 690.52  
1422.0 56         348.22 382.23 417.27 451.72 486.13 520.48 554.97 623.25 691.51 759.58
1524.0 60         373.38 410.44 447.46 484.43 521.34 558.21 595.03 688.52 741.82 814.91
(1620.0)           397.03 436.48 457.84 515.20 554.46 593.73 623.87 711.11 789.12 867.00
1626.0 64         398.53 438.11 477.64 517.13 556.56 595.95 635.28 713.80 792.13 870.26
1727.0 68         423.44 465.51 507.53 549.51 591.43 633.31 675.13 758.64 841.94 925.05
(1820.0)           446.37 492.74 535.06 579.32 623.50 667.71 711.79 799.92 887.81 975.51
1829.0 72           493.18     626.65 671.04 714.20 803.92 890.77 980.39
1930.0 76                 661.52 708.40 755.23 848.75 942.07 1035.19
(2020.0)                   692.60 741.69 790.75 888.70 986.41 1084.02
2032.0 80                 696.74 746.13 795.48 894.03 992.38 1090.53
(2220.0)                   761.65 815.68 869.66 977.50 1085.80 1192.53
(2420.0)                       948.58 1066.26 1183.75 1301.04
(2540.0) 100                     995.93 1119.53 1242.94 1366.15
(2845.0) 112                     1116.28 1254.93 1393.37 1531.63

Hoʻomaopopo:

1. Loaʻa pū kekahi mau paipu kila ma ke anawaena waho maʻamau a me ka mānoanoa o ka paia ma waena o ko lākou mau nui pili i helu ʻia ma ka papa, akā pono e kau inoa ʻia kahi ʻaelike.

2. ʻO nā anawaena waho maʻamau i loko o nā pale ma ka papa ʻaina he mau anawaena i mālama ʻia.

ʻO kekahi o nā mea nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kila wilipaipu no nā laina wai ma lalo o ka honuahe mau kaʻina hana kuʻihao kūpono. ʻO ke kuʻihao ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ʻelua ʻāpana metala ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka wela a me ke kaomi. No nā paipu wai ma lalo o ka honua, pili pololei ka maikaʻi o ke kuʻihao i ka pono holoʻokoʻa a me ka hilinaʻi o ka paipu.

Kūpononā kaʻina hana kuʻi paipuno ka paipu kila wili e pili ana i kekahi mau ʻanuʻu koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka mea mua, pono e maʻemaʻe ka ʻili o ka paipu e hoʻopili ʻia a ʻaʻohe mea haumia e like me ka lepo, ka ʻaila, a i ʻole ka pena. Hōʻoia kēia i ka ikaika o ka hoʻopili ʻana a ʻaʻohe mea haumia e hiki ke hoʻopilikia i kona ikaika.

Paipu SSAW

ʻO ka mea aʻe, pono e hoʻomalu pono ʻia nā palena kuʻihao e like me ka hoʻokomo wela, ka wikiwiki kuʻihao, a me ke ʻano hana e hoʻokō ai i nā kuʻihao kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kuʻihao kūpono a me nā ʻano hana he mea nui ia e pale aku i nā hemahema e like me ka porosity, nā māwae, a i ʻole ka nele o ka fusion, hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka pono o ka kuʻihao.

Eia kekahi, he mea koʻikoʻi nā kaʻina hana hoʻomehana mua a me nā kaʻina hana hoʻomehana ma hope o ka wili ʻana no ka paipu kila wili i hoʻohana ʻia i nā laina wai honua. Kōkua ka hoʻomehana mua i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka pilikia o ka haki ʻana a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o ka wili ʻana, ʻoiai ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka wela ma hope o ka wili ʻana e hoʻomaha i nā koʻikoʻi koena a hōʻoia i kahi microstructure like ma ka ʻāpana wili holoʻokoʻa.

Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana kuʻihao holomua e like me nā kaʻina hana kuʻihao automated a me nā hoʻāʻo ʻole e luku ai hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi hou aku i ka maikaʻi a me ka hilinaʻi o ka kuʻihao. Kōkua kēia mau ʻenehana i ka hōʻoia ʻana e hoʻokō nā hui kuʻihao i nā kūlana ikaika a me ka maikaʻi e pono ai e hāʻawi i ka maluhia o ka noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka hana lōʻihi o nā laina wai honua.

I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, he mea koʻikoʻi nā kaʻina hana kuʻi paipu kūpono no ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka pono a me ke ola lōʻihi o ka paipu kila wili i hoʻohana ʻia i nā laina wai honua. Ma ka hahai ʻana i nā palena kuʻi e pono ai, nā ʻenehana a me nā ana hoʻomalu maikaʻi, hiki ke hoʻemi nui ʻia ka pilikia o nā hemahema kuʻi a me nā hemahema. ʻO ka hopena he laina wai honua hilinaʻi a paʻa hoʻi e hiki ke kū i ka hoʻāʻo o ka manawa a hāʻawi i nā lawelawe lawe wai palekana a maikaʻi. No nā laina wai ma lalo o ka honua, ʻo ka hoʻopukapuka kālā ʻana i kahi papahana kuʻi kūpono he hana koʻikoʻi ia i ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka hilinaʻi holoʻokoʻa a me ke ola lōʻihi o ka pipeline.


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